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Country Commercial Guides for FY 2000:
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CHAPTER IX: BUSINESS GUIDELINES: TRAVEL AND INFRASTRUCTURE
1. Business Customs
French is the official language of Côte d'Ivoire. It is not common or easy to find English speakers locally. Business correspondence, catalogs and advertising materials prepared in French are essential and readily understood by potential buyers. Business cards or "cartes de visite" are widely used. Academic titles and degrees are frequently used by members of the expatriate community or those who have received their schooling abroad. U.S. business people ordinarily use their firm's name and their title translated into French.
As a rule, business customs in Côte d'Ivoire are similar to but perhaps more formal than customs in the United States. Ivorian managers in large commercial enterprises tend to follow a western-style business dress code comparable to those in any large U.S. city. Tropical weight suits and clothing are appropriate throughout the year and an umbrella is essential during the June to August rainy season. Please refer to Chapter IV. Section 7: Selling Factors/Techniques for further information.
2. Travel Advisories and Visas (see paragraph 3)
3. Entry Requirements
Health: A valid U.S. passport and international health certificate showing current yellow fever and cholera immunizations are required for entry into Côte d'Ivoire. Otherwise, the traveler risks being subjected to inoculation at the point of entry which is highly inadvisable. Inoculation against typhoid, tetanus, diphtheria, typhus is also recommended. Malaria prophylaxis is strongly advised. The traveler is also advised to keep their passport on their person at all times. Failure to do so may result in detention at a local police station.
Entry Visas: American citizens do not need a visa to enter or depart Côte d'Ivoire if their visit is for less than ninety days. All visitors should ensure their passport is stamped by Ivorian officials at port of entry.
A long-term visa (Visa de Long Sejour) is required for business people, tourists and diplomats if the visit will exceed ninety days. Visas are issued by the Embassy of Côte d'Ivoire, 2424 Massachusetts Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 tel: 202-797-0300, fax: 202-387-6381. Airport visas are not available. Visas may be for either single or multiple entries and must be accompanied by a letter of recommendation from the company represented by the traveler. If the visa expires while in Côte d'Ivoire, it is necessary to apply for renewal at the Sureté Nationale.
Work and Residency Permits: Requirements for persons seeking long-term employment in Côte d'Ivoire are stringent. The country is emphasizing &Ivorianization" of the workforce. In the case of skilled employment, permission is granted only if personnel with comparable skills are not locally available. A Security Bond is required for each alien so employed.
American citizens who expect to work and reside in Côte d'Ivoire for an extended period of time must apply for a residency permit (Certificat de Residence) and a work permit (Carte de Sejour) at the "Direction de la Sureté Nationale," at the Ministry of Interior. The following documents are required in support of a residence and work permit application:
- Valid passport
- Completed application form
- Photos (3) and fingerprints (taken at the Sureté Nationale)
- Statement by the applicant regarding his/her activities in Côte d'Ivoire
- A fee of approximately USD 85. Your receipt is a permanent record. You will need to show it until the Carte de sejour is delivered. It is also required for the application for an exit visa.
It is also a good idea to register with the U.S. Embassy if the visit will exceed ninety days or if the visitor plans to work in the Côte d'Ivoire.
Re-entry Visas: Residents who travel out of Côte d'Ivoire will need a "visa de sortie et de retour" before they travel. There is a CFA 20,000 fee for a re-entry visa. They are issued by the Sureté Nationale and can be obtained with a copy of a residence permit. Visitors departing after a visit of less than 90 (verified by the entry stamp in the passport) do not require this visa.
Other Entrance Requirements - Personal/Professional Goods
Free entry is permitted of necessary wearing apparel and personal effects that are proved to have been in personal or household used by the traveler and are not for sale, and of instruments and tools for professional use. No customs and entry duty is required for visitors carrying portable computers and laptops and cellular phones for their own use. Cellular phones work under the GSM 900 standard. Users of GSM cellular phones only need a connection to the existing local network for a one-year subscription which varies from USD 105 to USD 175. All other goods including tobacco and alcoholic beverages, whether imported for personal use or sale, including goods intended for residents of the Côte d'Ivoire are subject to duty.
Travelers deciding to import any vehicle (including trailers or cycles) or other goods intended for their use, convenience or comfort, but not for consumption, must deposit at the time and place of importation a sum equal to the duty that would be imposed. Simultaneously, a claim for temporary exemption should be presented. The vehicle or goods must then be exported at the end of the stipulated period. These conditions also apply to articles imported for exhibition or demonstration and subsequent reexport. If the prescribed conditions are not met, the visitor will be liable for the full duty of the vehicle or goods imported. A guarantee may be made by an authorized organization, however, in which case no deposit is required. The organization thereby assumes the liability for the duty if the vehicle or goods are not reexported within the prescribed period.
4. Public Holidays
January 1 (New Year's Day) Jan/Feb. or March (End of Ramadan)** March/April (Easter Monday) May 1 (Labor Day) May (Ascension Day) May (Tabaski)** May (Pentecost Monday) August 7 (Independence Day) August 15 (Assumption Day) August (Prophet Mohammed's Birthday)** November 1 (All Saint's Day) November 15 (National Peace Day) December 7 (Houphouet Boigny Day) TBD (Day after the Night of Destiny) December 25 (Christmas Day)**Business travelers should verify the dates of these holidays prior to undertaking their trip. These holidays vary from country to country and depend on the sighting of the moon. Business establishments are normally closed on public holidays in Côte d'Ivoire.5. Business Infrastructure
Côte d'Ivoire has an excellent infrastructure by developing country standards and arguably the best in sub-Saharan West Africa: things work most of the time. This includes a reliable electrical system, a good system of paved roads throughout the country, decent telecommunications, several Internet service providers with additional companies soon to come onto the market, two modern seaports, two international airports, rail links, modern real-estate developments for commercial, industrial and retail use, modern supermarkets and hotels, a number of recognized international banks and a small but functional regional stock exchange.
5.1 Currency Exchange
The CFA franc, the official currency of Côte d'Ivoire, is the currency of the Communauté Financiere Africaine. Coins of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 250 CFA/F and bills of 500, 1,000, 2,500, 5,000 and 10,000 CFA/F are in circulation. Currently, the rate is approximately 600 CFA/F to USD 1 although any exchange to CFA/F from dollars will be at the daily prevailing rate. You may exchange funds at local banks, hotels and at the airport. Expect to receive lower than the daily published rates. French francs can be exchanged at the fixed rate of 1 French franc equals 100 CFA/F.
There are no limitations on the importation of dollars or travelers checks as long as they are declared upon entry. Permission from an authorized Ivorian bank is required to export dollars. The importation and exportation of Ivorian currency (the CFA/F) is strictly prohibited.
5.2 Labor Costs and Legislation
The guaranteed minimum monthly wage (SMIG) in Côte d'Ivoire was approximately USD 75. Since the May 1, 1996 decision of the Ivorian Government for a salary increase ranging from 3 to 15 percent in the public sector, there has not been any new decision of major salary increase. The increase has depended upon the worker's rank. In addition to the basic salary, employers pay social insurance premiums of 9.9 percent of the base salary and employees contribute 1.6 percent of salary towards retirement. Numerous mandatory allowances are also paid and include: meal, transportation, housing, and seniority allowances. Health insurance is also required. Employees receive 2.5 days of paid vacation for each month of work. Workers in any company with 10 or more employees have the right to union representation.
Beyond the SMIG, there is a scale of monthly base salary for certain occupational categories. Below is a listing of these categories and the approximate monthly salaries including allowances.
Unskilled worker: USD 75 Semi-skilled worker: USD 120 Skilled worker: USD 135-150 Bi-lingual Skilled Office Worker: USD 800-1000 Typist: USD 130-150 Bi-lingual Receptionist: USD 500 Secretary: USD 600 Bi-lingual Accountant/MBA: USD 1600-27005.3 Overland Transport
Côte d'Ivoire has over 43,000 miles of roads of which 3,750 miles were primary roads and 3,666 miles were paved secondary roads. All major cities can be accessed by paved roads in an ordinary passenger car. Gasoline stations are readily available. Fuel prices are regulated but subject to an automatic cost-based formula and range from 70 cents per liter for regular gasoline to 49 cents per liter for diesel fuel. There is an external rail line that runs to Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, approximately 1,025 miles from Abidjan. Starting three years ago, SITARAIL, the railway company has invested USD 68 million along with multilateral and bilateral donors such as the World Bank, the French cooperation agency, CFCD and the European Investment Bank, and the African Development Bank. The investment enabled the railway company to buy new passenger trains and wagons, and renovate the existing rail network. In general, barring the red tape, large shipments can be accommodated within and external to Côte d'Ivoire.
5.4 Air and Maritime Transport
The Felix Houphouet Boigny International airport in Abidjan is the main airport of Côte d'Ivoire. In 1998, it handled more than 1,200,000 passengers and over 25,000 tons of freight. About 19 international airline companies serve Abidjan. The twenty-five domestic and regional airports have the capacity to be served by Air Ivoire, the national airline which is not operating and about to be privatized. The other international airport is located at Yamoussoukro. Three years ago, the management of the Abidjan airport was awarded to Aeroport International d'Abidjan (AERIA) for a 15 year management contract which also includes a renovation plan in progress for a series of rehabilitation works of USD 20 million over the next two years. The first stage of the renovation is expected to be completed in September 1999.
Côte d'Ivoire has two major ports at Abidjan and San Pedro. Total freight traffic in 1997 for both ports exceeded 14 million tons of which over 50 percent were petroleum products (Abidjan) while San Pedro is used mostly for timber and other agricultural products. Ninety percent of international trade is through sea transportation. While the Port of Abidjan is one of the most modern in West Africa, unfortunately it is not one of the most productive. The main problem is paperwork-related delays caused by the monopolistic customs and freight handling system. Use of a freight forwarder (transitaire) is mandatory. Over the past two years, freight rates from the United States have decreased considerably due to a new bulk service provided by Maersk Line.
Currently there are three national shipping companies in Côte d'Ivoire: Sivomar, Comarco, and CMGI. Sivomar has ventures with France's Delmas line, with Italy's Grimaldi line, and recently with a South African shipping line. Sivomar serves West and Southern African and Mediterranean ports. Comarco, new in business, has not taken off as quickly as CGMI.
5.5 Communications
In 1999 there were approximately 200,000 telephone subscribers in Côte d'Ivoire, most of whom were located in metropolitan Abidjan. CI-Telcom officials project that the number of subscribers will reach 410,000 within the next three years. CI-Telcom services include: mobile radio telephone, telex, telegraph and facsimile services, and an X.25 based packet switched network for large data communications applications and the MINITEL directory.
Other added-value service companies are operating in the telecommunications sector. Paging services are available through a private local company. Cellular and other wireless services are also available from private carriers since 1996. Ivorian government authorities rank high the connection of the country to the information highway. Since May 1996, full Internet connectivity on a commercial basis has been made available. Over the last two years, the number of computers connected to Internet has substantially increased, and this increase is expected to continue at a fast pace. In 1997 an eleven member council, the Conseil National des Autoroutes de l'information (CNAI) was established to advise the Ivorian government on issues related to internet development in the country. Côte d'Ivoire was selected as a site to be funded under the Leland initiative, a 5 year USD 15 million USAID project to install full internet connectivity in up to 20 African countries. The project has helped encourage more internet service providers to enter the market and has helped reduce the subscription cost of internet to about USD 35 to 45 per month for a full service package.
5.6 Utilities
Since the May 1996 decision of the Ivorian government to reduce by seven percent for the average rate of electricity and to increase 23.7 percent the average rate of water for large consumers, there have been no significant changes in electricity or water tariffs.
All electricity subscribers choose a service capacity level and pay a security deposit plus an upgrade charge (for a higher level of capacity) upon initiation of service. This amount has been approximately USD 750 for U.S. Embassy houses which are invariably upgraded to an average of 39.6 KW rating of installed capacity. The deposit is partially refunded upon cancellation of service. Customers receive a bill every two months.
Rates consist of:
- A fixed monthly fee (approximately USD 4.30 per KW of the installed capacity)
- Usage fees based on a variable rate per kilowatt hour (about 10.3 cents for the first 8,297 hours and 8.2 cents for the balance)
- A community tax (around 1 percent of the total consumed)
- A contribution of USD 3.5 for Government Radio and TV.
- A contribution for rural electrification (around 5 percent of the total usage fee)
- A government stamp tax (around 50 cents).
The average Embassy house electrical bill exceeds USD 1,000 every two months. Peak hours: 19:30 until 23:30, Busy hours are: 06:30 to 18:00, Off peak hours are: 24:00 to 06:30.
Business users (factories) pay a fixed charge for an industrial hookup (USD 1.90 per KW of installed capacity), a fee for a transformer (varies), plus 1 month's billing as a refundable deposit. Medium tension rates vary from 3.5 cents to 8 cents (off-peak versus peak hours) and high tension users pay between 1.4 and 2.5 cents per KWH plus USD 6 per month per KW of installed capacity. The announced decreases do not affect high tension users of which there are only 4.
Water:
All water customers are billed on a quarterly basis. A deposit of approximately USD 45 is required to initiate service. The rates vary per range of consumption and according to the diameter of the counter used from 19 cents/m3 to 60 cents/m3.
5.7 Taxes
Corporate Taxes: The following taxes are applicable to all legally registered corporations: Tax on corporate profits: 35 percent; National Contribution Tax: 1 percent; Personal Property Tax: 6 percent of the income of subsidiaries of foreign corporations and 12 percent of the income of Ivorian firms; Payroll Taxes: 2.5 percent for local workers and 16 percent for foreign workers; Workers Compensation: 5 percent for family allowances, 2-5 percent toward industrial injury costs, and 1.8 percent pension contribution.
Personal Income Taxes: Called employee taxes, they are subject to numerous adjustments depending on the number of dependents an individual is responsible for supporting. Taxes come in the form of payroll, unemployment, income, and pension contributions (always 1.2 percent of personal income).
Other taxation: A value-added tax (VAT) of 20 percent is included in the purchase price of domestic or imported goods. A filing fee is assessed on documents and legal transactions. Additionally, real estate taxes may be levied depending on the nature of the building or property.
5.8 Rents: Office and Residential
With the exception of the industrial zone of Vridi, which is controlled by the Port of Abidjan, the Ivorian government does not set any minimum rates. Rates depend upon the location, use of the property and the length of the tenancy. Current average monthly rates are:
Industrial zone of Vridi: USD 1.30 per square meter Office lease-downtown 3 or more years, includes parking and maintenance USD 4.3 per square meter plus 15 percent per year Residential zones: USD 13.31 per square meter (USD 12,000 or more
annually for an expatriate residence) Cost of lands owned by the Government: For industrial use: USD 1.75 to USD 2.63 per square meter Land equipped with water and phone installation: USD 8.80 to USD 11.4 per square meter Cost of land in the market: USD 14 to USD 18There have been a few long term leases (99 years) negotiated by members of the oil industry. Lease costs overall have risen 10-15 percent during 1995-96 and are expected to continue rising due to company relocations that have increased the demand for modern office space.
5.9 Housing/Business Services/Schools
In Abidjan, residential housing is good and there is a varied selection of apartments, duplexes and single family homes available. Presently, there is a shortage of expatriate housing which has caused rental rates to increase sharply. Abidjan also offers a wide range of professional business services including but not limited to: accountants, tax advisors, appraisers, architects, lawyers, engineers, computer consultants, real estate managers, and construction contractors. With the extension of the city of Abidjan, other district areas are growing, with residences and locations for shops, stores or business. There is a 20,000 housing unit gap for the city of Abidjan every year, and the Ivorian government has recently launched a bid for 3 projects of 4,000 housing units each. There is an excellent American-curriculum international school and several excellent French schools. Multinationals prefer to locate their regional headquarters in Abidjan because they are assured relatively trouble free communications and a higher standard of living compared to other West African countries.
5.10 Security
Crime is a problem in Abidjan as it is in New York and other major metropolitan areas. Crime in Abidjan has increased over the past several years, and remains at a critical level. Street crime of the "grab and run" variety, as well as pick-pocketing in crowded areas, is endemic. Carjacking and house break-ins are frequent, and are often targeted at expatriates who are viewed as wealthy.
Armed criminals have used force when faced with resistance. Travelers displaying jewelry and carrying cameras are especially at risk. Travelers have found it useful to carry limited amounts of cash and only photocopies of key documents. When driving, it is recommended that all doors be locked and windows rolled up. Traveling in groups is recommended as there is safety in numbers. It is particularly dangerous to visit Triechville, Adjame, Abobo, and Plateau business districts after dark. The DeGaulle and Houphouet-Boigny bridges, which cross the lagoon in Abidjan, are dangerous areas for pedestrians, even in the daytime.
When dining out, it is best to depart the restaurants before 9:30 p.m., as most armed robberies of restaurants have occurred after that time. Many hotels, restaurants, nightclubs and supermarkets provide security guards to protect their clients and their vehicles.
Common sense precautions one would take in any large, metropolitan area in the United States are generally adequate to ensure safety in Abidjan. Stay in well-lit areas as much as possible. At all times walk confidently and at a steady pace on the side of the street facing traffic. Walk close to the curb. Avoid crowds, mass transit, doorways, bushes and alleys and sparsely populated areas. If you are going out at night, take a metered taxi. Be discreet with your transactions, especially if it is on the street in full public view: The normal spending habits of Western visitors appear extravagant to the average Ivorian.
Remember to register with the U.S. Embassy if your visit will exceed ninety days.
5.11 Health Precautions
Business visitors to Côte d'Ivoire find the climate hot and humid. It is advisable to SLOW DOWN! Slow the pace of walking to prevent a meltdown in perspiration. Increase intake of non-alcoholic liquids, that is, water and juices. Looser and lighter clothing is better. Avoid excessive sun exposure. Cote d'Ivoire is less than five degrees from the equator and the sun is very intense. Always use sunblock with UVA and UVB protection (minimum SPF 15) when visiting the beach.
Malaria prophylaxis is strongly recommended in all regions of Cote d'Ivoire, including the cities, and all countries of West Africa. Mefloquine (Lariam) weekly or doxycycline daily are the most effective. Combination weekly chloroquine with daily paludrine is a third, less effective choice. At least two doses of mefloquine should be taken prior to arrival in Cote d'Ivoire. Doxycycline may be started the night prior to arrival. Prophylatic medications should be taken for four weeks after departure.
Water and ice at the major hotels (Hotel Ivoire, Hotel Sofitel and Golf Hotel) are considered safe for consumption since these hotels have their own purification plants. Water and ice served in other establishments should be avoided. (Freezing water into ice cubes is not sufficient to kill ameba and giardia parasites.) Bottled water (AWA is the locally bottled brand) is widely available and safe to drink. Beer and soft drinks are safe to consume as long as they are not served over ice. Avoid eating uncooked vegetables (salads), as these are contaminated with amebas and other infectious agents. Uncooked vegetables may be eaten if they have been soaked in a dilute solution of Clorox (one tablespoon in a gallon of water) or potassium permanganate for 15 minutes. Unless the kitchen is checked by the diner at the time the food is prepared, it cannot be assumed that this sterilization has been done properly and uncooked vegetables should be avoided. Meat should always be thoroughly cooked. Fresh fish and shrimp are generally safe. Pasteurized milk and milk products from sealed cartons or bottles are safe to consume, as are imported cheeses, butter, cream, and ice cream that has been adequately stored.
The inner lagoons of Abidjan are badly polluted and should be avoided. The ocean beaches near Abidjan are extremely dangerous because of treacherous surf and undertow. The pools at the large hotels are filtered and cleaned regularly and very safe to swim in.
Sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS, have a high prevalence in the local population (15 percent of pregnant women and over 90 percent of the prostitutes are positive for HIV). Secondary infections, such as tuberculosis are on the rise. Tuberculosis skin tests should be done after long stays in Cote d'Ivoire, if the skin test had been negative prior to the visit here.
There are a large number of "polycliniques" in Abidjan, the largest and probably best being the Polyclinique Internationale de Sainte Anne Marie (PISAM). PISAM is located between the downtown district, Plateau, and the Hotel Ivoire in Cocody. It has a 24-hour emergency room, a five-bed intensive care unit, CT scanner, and five sterile operating suites. There is a large staff of medical specialists affiliated with the hospital, most of whom have had some medical training in France.
5.12 Insurance
Visitors are advised to examine their insurance needs prior to their departure from the United States. Several U.S.-based companies provide very reasonably priced accident, sickness, and liability insurance.
Because there are limitations in the types of medical care available in Cote d'Ivoire, all visitors should obtain medical evacuation insurance before arrival.
5.13 Hotels
Following is a list of local hotels most frequented by U.S. business travelers:
Hotel Ivoire (Intercontinental) Tel: (225) 44-10-45 Fax: (225) 44-00-50 Sofitel Tel: (225) 21-26-00 Fax: (225) 21-20-28 Golf Hotel (Intercontinental) Tel: (225) 43-10-44 Fax: (225) 43-05-44 Hotel Tiama Tel: (225) 21-08-22 Fax: (225) 22-40-175.14 International Mail and Long Distance Telephone Calls
International Postage Rates to U.S.:
- An airmail letter to the United States weighing up to 20 gms. requires a 400 CFA/F stamp and CFA/F 850 for letters weighing 40 gms.
- A post card without an envelope requires a 400 CFA/F stamp.
- The large hotels sell stamps and accept mail from guests.
For long distance calls to the United States, use an AT&T calling card if you have one, especially when calling from your hotel. The access code is 00-1111. You may also use an AT&T card from Côte d'Ivoire to access the following countries in Africa using their World Connect Service: Cape Verde Islands, Liberia, Gabon, Nigeria, Gambia, Zambia, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Kenya. Sprint and MCI do not provide direct connect type service to the Côte d'Ivoire at this time.
5.15 Transportation in Abidjan
If you plan to spend a week or more in Abidjan, it is advisable to hire a car and driver for transportation around the city. Inquire about these services through the concierge at your hotel. It is possible to find English-speaking drivers.
Buses: It is not advisable to use the city buses for reasons of safety, security and reliability.
Taxis: City taxis (orange-red in color) are reasonably priced, numerous, and available on the main streets and boulevards in most sections of the city, day or night. All are metered. Rates are doubled (legally) between midnight and 5:00 AM. Some taxi drivers may not speak much French and may not know the city as well as one would expect. Before taking a taxi, check to see if the driver really knows where you want to go.
5.16 Dining Out
Abidjan's restaurants are many and varied, and offer international specialties, excellent fish and French cuisine. Luncheon is usually served between 12:30 pm and 3:00 pm and dinner from about 7:30 pm onward. Prices are reasonable by American standards and offer a wide range (from the delightfully quaint maquis to elegant Continental restaurants).
Opinions differ on the subject of tipping in Abidjan. Some recommend leaving only a nominal amount of change; It is recommended that you tip at least 10 percent of the bill under reasonable and normal circumstances. Bon appetit!
6. General Advice
Visitors to Côte d'Ivoire should show respect for the flag, the President, his government and all that he symbolizes. They should stop for a presidential motorcade, stand for the national anthem, and under no circumstances destroy or deface a portrait of the President. The import and unauthorized use of illicit drugs or firearms is a particularly serious offense.
7. U.S. Mission Assistance
Prior to traveling to Côte d'Ivoire, U.S. business visitors are encouraged to contact their nearest U.S. Department of Commerce District Office or the Regional Commercial Service located at Immeuble Ecobank/Paribas, 5th floor, Plateau, Abidjan, or the Foreign Agricultural Service located at Immeuble Tropique Trois, Mezzanine Level, Plateau, Abidjan (across the street from the U.S. Embassy). The U.S. Embassy is located at 5, rue Jesse Owens on the Plateau (Abidjan's central district). (Website: www.usis.doc.gov/post/abidjan. For specific contacts, their U.S. addresses, telephone and fax numbers, please refer to the Appendix, Section C.
The Embassy of the Côte d'Ivoire in the United States is located at 2424 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: 202-797-0300, fax: 202-387-6381. The Côte d'Ivoire Mission to the United Nations is located at 46 East 74th Street, New York, NY 10021, tel: 212-717-5555, fax: 212-717-4492.
A useful international guide is the "KEY OFFICERS OF FOREIGN SERVICE GUIDE FOR BUSINESS REPRESENTATIVES" published by the U.S. Department of State and available for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, Tel: (202) 512-1800; Fax: (202) 512-2250. Business travelers to Côte d'Ivoire seeking appointments should contact the Commercial Service which can assist them meet their objectives with a Gold Key services adapted to Post's resources and the local market. Information on the Gold Key Service and other business facilitation services offered by CS Abidjan is provided through the Commercial Service website designed as a one-stop shop for U.S. business (www.ita.doc.gov).
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[end of document] Note* International Copyright, United States Government, 1999 (or other year of first publication). All rights under foreign copyright laws are reserved. All portions of this publication are protected against any type or form of reproduction, communications to the public and the preparation of adaptations, arrangement and alterations outside the United States. U. S. copyright is not asserted under the U.S. Copyright Law, Title17, United States Code.
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